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Elektor GREEN and GOLD members can download their digital edition here. Not a member yet? Click here. CaptureCountAn Object Detector and Counter on the Raspberry Pi 5 Voltage Reference With Arduino Pro MiniLinearize and Calibrate Your Analog Inputs FPGAs for BeginnersThe Path From MCU to FPGA Programming Update: STM32 Wireless Innovation Design Contest 2024 Bluetooth LE With MAUIControl Apps for Android & Co. Port-Expanding Breakout BoardIncrease the Number of I/Os on Your Dev Board AI SpecialistMachine Learning with the Jetson Nano 2024: An AI OdysseyFirst Forays Into TensorFlow 262,144 Ways to Play The Game of LifeA Reader’s Project in Brief From Life’s ExperienceThe Chinese Dragon Get Your (Brushed DC) Motor Running!Sample Projects from the Elektor Motor Control Development Bundle ESP32-RS-232 AdapterA Wireless Link for Classic Test Equipment Starting Out in Electronics……More About Opamps ESP Library Recommendations Piezoelectric DevicesPeculiar Parts, the Series A Smart Object CounterImage Recognition Made Easy with Edge Impulse Resolve Your Trickiest Embedded Development Challenges ESP32 TerminalA Handheld Device with a Touch-Capable Display Getting Started With the Zephyr RTOSAs Powerful as It Is Hard to Master Award-Winning EthicsA Dialog with CTO Alexander Gerfer of Würth Elektronik eiSos on Enabling Innovation and Mindful Behavior Err-lectronicsCorrections, Updates, and Readers’ Letters Infographics: Embedded and AI Square Wave Generation BenchmarksExploring ESP32, Pico, and Other Microcontrollers

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Elektor GREEN and GOLD members can download their digital edition here. Not a member yet? Click here. PbMonitor v2.0 UpdateBattery Monitoring with Improved Analog Design Audio Latency MeasurementA Standalone Tool for Evaluating Errors and Latency in Audio Transmission Square Wave vs. Bode PlotChecking the Performances of an Audio Device embedded world 2026 Clever Coding with AIAI in Software Development for Electronics Engineers QA403 Audio AnalyzerAffordable Precision for Audio Professionals and Hobbyists EasyGimbalAutonomous Camera Tracking with AI, Stepper and Servo Motors Sigfox Breakout Board (2)Sending Messages Circuit ProtectionControlling Overvoltages with TVS Diodes Emerging Battery Testing ApproachesA New Era of Diagnostics AudiotronicsA First Preamplifier CANopenTermAn Open-Source Tool That Brings CAN to Makers and Engineers Alike Stabilization of Operational AmplifiersAvoiding Feedback Instability Err-lectronicsCorrections, Updates, and Readers’ Letters Signal ConditioningTips and Tricks to Fit Voltage Ranges TDR Attachment for OscilloscopesLength, Short Circuit, Mismatch: Measure Cables Using Reflections! From Life's ExperienceLED It Be Speaker Oscillator and Resonance TesterA Fully Experimental Project for Your Speakers Elektor Community Perspectives on Test and Measurement ESP32 Audio Transceiver Board (Part 5)Audio Processing and Remote Control 2026: An AI OdysseyAI Has a Context Problem Battery Storage for Balcony Power PlantsSmall Batteries, Big Impact

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La ZD-915 est une station de dessoudage numérique avec protection ESD qui affiche numériquement la valeur réelle et la valeur de consigne sur un écran LCD. Cette station de dessoudage dispose d'une grande puissance elle se distingue par un boîtier compact et robuste. Elle facilite le dessoudage, car elle peut être utilisée avec une seule main. La ZD-915 dispose d'un pistolet à souder avec un filtre qui attrape tout ce qui est aspiré, il suffit donc de remplacer les filtres pour continuer. Elle est aussi dotée d'un capteur de température dans la pointe permettant d'absorber rapidement les fluctuations de la température. Caractéristiques La température est facilement ajustée par de simples boutons haut/bas. La station de soudage à température contrôlée de 140 W avec une plage réglable de 160°C à 480°C. La station de dessoudage est conçue spécialement pour le dessoudage sans plomb. Le côté de la station dispose d'un support classique avec éponge. Une mise sous/hors tension avec voyant lumineux est également présentée sur la face avant. Spécifications Station Alimentation en tension 220-240 V Consommation électrique 140 W Pression du vide 600 mm HG Pistolet à dessouder Consommation électrique 24 V CA 80 WCapacité de chauffe 130 W Température 160-480 °C Élément chauffant Élément chauffant céramique Inclus 1x ZD-915 Station de dessoudage 2x Pointe à souder de rechange 3x Aiguille de nettoyage pour pointes à dessouder 1x Filtre de rechange pour pistolet à dessouder 1x Manuel

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Whether you are an electronics enthusiast or engineering professional, this book provides the reader with an introduction to the use of the CadSoft’s EAGLE PCB design software package. EAGLE is a user-friendly, powerful and affordable software package for the efficient design of printed circuit boards. It offers the same power and functionality to all users, at a smaller cost than its competitors. A free version of EAGLE is available to enthusiasts for their own use. EAGLE can be used on the main computing platforms including: Microsoft Windows (XP, Vista or Windows 7); Linux (based on kernel 2.6 or above) and Apple Mac OS X (Version 10.6 or higher). Any hardware that supports these software platforms will run the EAGLE application. The book is intended for anyone who wants an introduction to the capabilities of EAGLE. The reader may be a novice at PCB design or a professional wanting to learn about EAGLE, with the intention of migrating from another CAD package. This book will quickly allow you to: obtain an overview of the main modules of EAGLE: the schematic editor; layout editor and autorouter in one single interface; learn to use some of the basic commands in the schematic and layout editor modules of EAGLE; apply your knowledge of EAGLE commands to a small project; learn more about some of the advanced concepts of EAGLE and its capabilities; understand how EAGLE relates to the stages of PCB manufacture; create a complete project, from design through to PCB fabrication. The project discussed in the book is a popular, proven design from the engineering team at Elektor. After reading this book while practicing some of the examples, and completing the projects, the reader should feel confident about taking on more challenging endeavors.

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Analogue Electronics and Microcontrollers Projects Hobbyist electronics can be a fun way to learn new skills that can be helpful to your career. Those who understand the basics of electronics can design their own circuits and projects. However, before you run, you need to learn to walk. It all starts with analogue electronics. You should be familiar with the simple components and circuits and understand their basic behaviors and the issues you may encounter. The best way to do this is through real experiments. Theory alone is not enough. This book offers a large number of practical entry-level circuits, with which everyone can gain the basic experience. Through the widespread introduction of microcontrollers, a new chapter in electronics has begun. Microcontrollers are now performing more and more tasks that were originally solved using discrete components and conventional ICs. Starting out has become easier and easier thanks to platforms including Bascom, Arduino, micro:bit. The book introduces numerous manageable microcontroller applications. It?s now a case of less soldering and more programming.

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The tinySA Ultra+ ZS-407 is a compact, handheld spectrum analyzer and signal generator. Covering 100 kHz to 7.3 GHz in Ultra mode, it lets you visualize and analyze RF signals from HF right through many modern wireless bands – and can even spot signals up to ~12 GHz thanks to harmonic tracking. The intuitive 4-inch resistive touchscreen and rechargeable battery make it great for fieldwork, while features like a built-in signal generator, switchable bandpass filters, step attenuator, USB-PC control and auto-calibration add serious versatility. Caractéristiques Screen size: 4 inch (480 x 320) Spectrum Analyzer for 0.1-900 MHz or, with Ultra mode enabled up to 7.3 GHz, level calibrated up to 7.3 GHz. Can observe signals up to 12 GHz Signal Generator with sine wave output between 0.1-900 MHz or square wave up to 6.3 GHz or RF test signal output up to 7.3 GHz when not used as Spectrum Analyzer. Switchable resolution bandpass filters from 200 Hz to 850 kHz Built-in 20 dB optional LNA Color display showing max 450 points providing gapless covering up to the full frequency range. MicroSD card slot for storing measurements, settings and screen captures. Spécifications (Analyseur de spectre) Input frequency range from 100 kHz to 900 MHz in normal mode and up to 7.3 GHz with ULTRA mode enabled Input impedance 50 ohm when input attenuation set to 10 dB or more. Selectable manual and automatic input attenuation between 0 dB and 31 dB in 1 dB steps when LNA not active Maximum +/-5V DC input Absolute maximum input level of +6 dBm with 0 dB internal attenuation Absolute maximum short term peak input power of +20 dBm with 30 dB internal attenuation Suggested maximum input power of +0 dBm with internal attenuation in automatic mode For best measurements keep input power below -25 dBm Input Intercept Point of third order modulation products (IIP3) of +15 dBm with 0 dB internal attenuation 1 dB compression point at -1 dBm with 0 dB internal attenuation Power detector resolution of 0.5 dB and linearity versus frequency of ±2 dB below 5.3 GHz, ±5dB between 5.3 GHz and 6 GHz Minimum burst length for correct level measurement at 850 kHz RBW in zero span mode of 50 microseconds Absolute power level accuracy after power level calibration of ±2 dB Built-in optional 20 dB LNA with Noise Figure of 5 dB up to 6 GHz Lowest discernible signal without LNA at 30 MHz using a resolution bandwidth of 30 kHz of -102 dBm Lowest discernible signal with LNA at 30 MHz using a resolution bandwidth of 200 Hz of -145 dBm Frequency accuracy equal to the selected resolution bandwidth Phase noise at 30 MHz of -108 dB/Hz at 100 kHz offset and -115 dB/Hz at 1MHz offset Spur free dynamic range when using a 30 kHz resolution bandwidth of 70 dB Resolution filters with a width of 0.2, 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300, 600 and 850 kHz On screen resolution of 51, 101, 145, 290 or 450 measurement points. Scanning speed of over 1000 points/second using largest resolution filters. Automatic optimization of actual scanning points to ensure coverage of the whole scan range regardless of the chosen resolution bandwidth Spur suppression option for assessing if certain signals are internally generated or actually present in the input signal Headphone output for listening to the demodulated audio (AM only). Stereo connector with or without microphone, high impedance is louder, short protected Spécifications (Générateur de signaux) Sine wave output with harmonics below -40 dB of fundamental from 100 kHz to 900 MHz Output level selectable in 1 dB steps between -115 dBm and -19 dBm Above 800 MHz choice of two output modes: Cleanest signal mode: square wave, up to 6 GHz with coarse frequency steps and less accurate output level Highest accuracy mode: reduced harmonics with possibly strong spurs up to 7.3 GHz with frequency resolution equal to below 800 MHz and fine output level steps Level accuracy ±2 dB up to 800 MHz between -72 dBm and -19 dBm, less accuracy below -72 dBm, even less accuracy below -110 dBm Output frequency resolution 57.2 Hz Optional AM or FM modulation frequencies between 50 Hz and 5 kHz (AM) or 1 kHz (FM) or sweep over selectable frequency span AM modulation depth between 10% and 100% FM deviation between 1 kHz and 300 kHz Optional output level sweep over maximum the entire output level range Inclus 1x tinySA Ultra+ ZS407 Spectrum Analyzer 2x SMA connection cables 1x Barrel connector 1x Antenna with SMA connector 1x USB-C cable 1x microSD card (32 GB) Téléchargements Wiki

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Examinez vos circuits avec une grande précision et soudez les plus petits CMS et éléments sans difficulté. Caractéristiques Le microscope numérique HDMI multifonctionnel présente les caractéristiques suivantes : Full HD, hauteur confortable, ergonomie améliorée, signaux de sortie multiples avec différentes résolutions. L'angle d'inclinaison du grand écran LCD est réglable. Livré avec une télécommande. Peut être utilisé de manière autonome. Spécifications Taille de l'écran 7 pouces (17,8 cm) Capteur d'image Capteur HD de 4 mégapixels Sortie vidéo UHD 2880x2160 (24fps)FHD 1920x1080 (60fps/30fps)HD 1280x720 (120fps) Format vidéo MP4 Magnification Jusqu'à 270 fois (moniteur HDMI 27 pouces) Résolution des photos Max. 12 MP (4032x3024) Format des photos JPG Plage de focalisation Minimum 5 cm Fréquence de trame Max. 120fps (sous 600 Lux de luminosité & HDP120) Interface vidéo HDMI Stockage Carte microSD, jusqu'à 32 Go Alimentation 5 V CC Source d'éclairage 2 LEDs avec le support Taille du support 20 x 12 x 19 cm Inclus 1x Microscope numérique Andonstar AD407 1x Support métallique 1x Support optique 1x Filtre UV 1x Télécommande IR 1x Câble de commutation 1x Adaptateur secteur 1x Câble HDMI 2x Vis 1x Tournevis 1x Manuel de l'utilisateur Téléchargements Manual Comparaison des modèles   AD407 AD407 Pro AD409 AD409 Pro-ES Taille de l’écran 7 pouces (17,8 cm) 7 pouces (17,8 cm) 10,1 pouces (25,7 cm) 10,1 pouces (25,7 cm) Capteur d’image 4 MP 4 MP 4 MP 4 MP Sortie vidéo 2160p 2160p 2160p 2160p Interfaces HDMI HDMI USB, HDMI, WiFi USB, HDMI, WiFi Format vidéo MP4 MP4 MP4 MP4 Agrandissement Jusqu'à 270x Jusqu'à 270x Jusqu'à 300x Jusqu'à 300x Résolution photo Max. 4032x3024 Max. 4032x3024 Max. 4032x3024 Max. 4032x3024 Format photo< JPG JPG JPG JPG istance focale Min. 5 cm Min. 5 cm Min. 5 cm Min. 5 cm Fréquence d'images Max. 120f/s Max. 120f/s Max. 120f/s Max. 120f/s Storage carte microSD carte microSD carte microSD carte microSD Support PC Non Non Windows Windows Raccordement mobile Non Non WiFi + Mesure WiFi + Mesure Source d'alimentation 5 V DC 5 V DC 5 V DC 5 V DC Source lumineuse 2 LED avec le support 2 LED avec le support 2 LED avec le support 2 LED avec le support Endoscope Non Non Non Oui Taille du support 20 x 12 x 19 cm 20 x 18 x 32 cm 18 x 20 x 30 cm 18 x 20 x 32 cm Poids 1,6 kg 2,1 kg 2,2 kg 2,5 kg

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Develop innovative hardware-based projects in C The Raspberry Pi has traditionally been programmed using Python. Although this is a very powerful language, many programmers may not be familiar with it. C on the other hand is perhaps the most commonly used programming language and all embedded microcontrollers can be programmed using it. The C language is taught in most technical colleges and universities and almost all engineering students are familiar with using it with their projects. This book is about using the Raspberry Pi with C to develop a range of hardware-based projects. Two of the most popular C libraries, wiringPi and pigpio are used. The book starts with an introduction to C and most students and newcomers will find this chapter invaluable. Many projects are provided in the book, including using Wi-Fi and Bluetooth to establish communication with smartphones. Many sensor and hardware-based projects are included. Both wiringPi and pigpio libraries are used in all projects. Complete program listings are given with full explanations. All projects have been fully tested and work. The following hardware-based projects are provided in the book: Using sensors Using LCDs I²C and SPI buses Serial communication Multitasking External and timer interrupts Using Wi-Fi Webservers Communicating with smartphones Using Bluetooth Sending data to the cloud Program listings of all Raspberry Pi projects developed in this book are available on the Elektor website. Readers can download and use these programs in their projects. Alternatively, they can customize them to suit their applications.

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An Introduction to Circuit Simulation LTspice, developed by Analog Devices, is a powerful, fast, and free SPICE simulator, schematic capture, and waveform viewer with a large database of components supported by SPICE models from all over the world. Drawing a schematic in LTspice is easy and fast. Thanks to its powerful graphing features, you can visualize the voltages and currents in a circuit, and also the power consumption of its components and much more. This book is about learning to design and simulate electronic circuits using LTspice. Among others, the following topics are treated: DC and AC circuits Signal diodes and Zener diodes Transistor circuits including oscillators Thyristor/SCR, diac, and triac circuits Operational amplifier circuits including oscillators The 555 timer IC Filters Voltage regulators Optocouplers Waveform generation Digital logic simulation including the 74HC family SPICE modeling LTspice is a powerful electronic circuit simulation tool with many features and possibilities. Covering them all in detail is not possible in a book of this size. Therefore, this book presents the most common topics like DC and AC circuit analysis, parameter sweeping, transfer functions, oscillators, graphing, etc. Although this book is an introduction to LTspice, it covers most topics of interest to people engaged in electronic circuit simulation. The book is aimed at electronic/electrical engineers, students, teachers, and hobbyists. Many tested simulation examples are given in the book. Readers do not need to have any computer programming skills, but it will help if they are familiar with basic electronic circuit design and operation principles. Readers who want to dive deeper can find many detailed tutorials, articles, videos, design files, and SPICE circuit models on the Internet. All the simulation examples used in the book are available as files at the webpage of this book. Readers can use these example circuits for learning or modify them for their own applications.

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Le OWON XDM1241 est un multimètre de table numérique True RMS rapide et de haute précision, doté d'un écran LCD haute résolution de 3,5 pouces et de 50000 points. Sa précision en tension continue est de 0,05% et il peut mesurer jusqu'à 65 valeurs par seconde. Caractéristiques Ecran LCD haute résolution de 3,5 pouces (480x320 pixels) 55000 points, précision de la tension continue jusqu'à 0,05%. Jusqu'à 65 lectures par seconde Affichage double ligne pris en charge Analyse des tendances accessible en mode graphique Mesures AC True RMS (bande passante : 20 Hz – 1 kHz) Support SCPI : Commande à distance du multimètre à l'aide d'un logiciel PC via le port USB Spécifications   Plage de mesure Résolution Précision Tension continue 50,000 mV 0,001 mV 0,1% +10 500,00 mV 0,01 mV 0,05% +5 5,0000 V 0,0001 V 0,05% +5 50,000 V 0,001 V 0,05% +5 500,00 V 0,01 V 0,1% +5 1000,0 V 0,1 V 0,1% +10 Tension alternative 500 mV～750 V 20 Hz～45 Hz 1% +30 45 Hz～65 Hz 0,5% +30 65 Hz～1 KHz 0,7% +30 Courant continu 500 uA 0,01 uA 0,15% +20 5000 uA 0,1 uA 0,15% +10 50 mA 0,001 mA 0,15% +20 500 mA 0,01 mA 0,15% +10 5 A 0,0001 A 0,5% +10 10 A 0,001 A 0,5% +10 Courant alternatif 500 uA～500 mA 20 Hz～1 KHz 0,5% +20 5 A-10 A 1,5% +20 Résistance 500 Ω 0,01 Ω 0,15% +10 5 KΩ 0,0001 KΩ 0,15% +5 50 KΩ 0,001 KΩ 0,15% +5 500 KΩ 0,01 KΩ 0,15% +5 5 MΩ 0,0001 MΩ 0,3% +5 50 MΩ 0.001 MΩ 1% +10 Fréquence 10,000 Hz～60 MHz / ±(0,2% +10) Capacité 50 nF～500 uF / 2,5% +10 5 mF～50 mF 5% +10 Diode 3,0000 V 0,0001 V / Continuité 1000 Ω 0,1 Ω Seuil réglable Température Type K, PT100 Affichage maximum 55 000 comptes Fonction d'enregistrement des données Durée d'enregistrement 15ms～9999,999s Longueur d'enregistrement 1,000 points Affichage Ecran LCD TFT 3,5" (480x320 pixels) Alimentation Batterie au lithium via USB-C ou entrée 5 V CC Dimensions 200 x 88 x 150 mm Poids environ 0,5 kg Inclus 1x OWON XDM1241 Multimètre 2x Cordons de mesure 1x Câble USB 1x Cordon USB à CC 1x Manuel Téléchargements Manuel de programmation Logiciel PC

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ModbusRTU and ModbusTCP examples with the Arduino Uno and ESP8266 Introduction to PLC programming with OpenPLC, the first fully open source Programmable Logic Controller on the Raspberry Pi, and Modbus examples with Arduino Uno and ESP8266 PLC programming is very common in industry and home automation. This book describes how the Raspberry Pi 4 can be used as a Programmable Logic Controller. Before taking you into the programming, the author starts with the software installation on the Raspberry Pi and the PLC editor on the PC, followed by a description of the hardware. You'll then find interesting examples in the different programming languages complying with the IEC 61131-3 standard. This manual also explains in detail how to use the PLC editor and how to load and execute the programs on the Raspberry Pi. All IEC languages are explained with examples, starting with LD (Ladder Diagram) over ST (Structured Control Language) to SFC (Special Function Chart). All examples can be downloaded from the author's website. Networking gets thorough attention too. The Arduino Uno and the ESP8266 are programmed as ModbusRTU or ModbusTCP modules to get access to external peripherals, reading sensors and switching electrical loads. I/O circuits complying with the 24 V industry standard may also be of interest for the reader. The book ends with an overview of commands for ST and LD. After reading the book, the reader will be able to create his own controllers with the Raspberry Pi.

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