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Le téléchargement intégral de ce numéro est disponible pour nos membres GOLD et GREEN sur le site Elektor Magazine !Pas encore membre ? Cliquez ici.le Raspberry Pi 5une grande amélioration par rapport à son prédécesseurl'IA dans les laboratoires d'électroniqueBard de Google et Flux Copilot mis en testGénérateur de formes d'ondes Arduino NanoNano + Code = Générateur de fonctionsguirlande de Noël solairedétecteur de clé USB KillerMieux vaut prévenir que guérirun boîtier simple créé par fraiseuse à commande numérique (CNC)avec Autodesk Fusion 360 en utilisation personnelleproduction de cartes à faible quantitéavec et sans assemblagesimulation IdO simplifiée avec Wokwile développeur Uri Shaked parle de design, de logiciels et d'autres choses encoreguide de programmation Bare-Metal (3)en-têtes CMSIS, tests automatiques et serveur webLoRa, un couteau suisse (1)le matériel et le logicielconception et construction de microphones MEMSoutils à tester avant de souderoutils de simulation et de modélisation 3D gratuitsnouveaux outils de Microchip!PICkit 5 et MPLAB ICD 5 sont disponibles maintenant !prototypage rapide d'électronique souple et extensiblecomment la Voltera NOVA accélère l'innovation dans les systèmes électroniques portablesisolation galvaniqueutilisation d'optocouplers à phototransistorla solution complexe ou la solution Anybus ?un Ethernet industriel embarqué réalisé en deux jours plutôt qu'en plusieurs moisvotre liste de contrôle DFM essentiellefilaments pour l'impression 3Dtypes, caractéristiques et utilisation dans le prototypagespécialistes pour une analyse efficace des signaux des bandes ELF à EHFles derniers analyseurs de spectre en temps réel de la série SPECTRAN® V6 d'Aaroniadéfis de l'analyse DFM pour les circuits flexibles et flexibles-rigidesdéfinir une ligne SMTinfographie : prototypage et productionrévolutionner le secteur de l'industriel'essor des robots mobiles autonomes (AMR)prêt à relever encore plus de défisRohde & Schwarz étoffe sa famille d'oscilloscopes nouvelle génération avec le modèle 8 voies de la gamme R&S MXO 5démarrer en électronique…Amplifying Differencesmini plaque de refusion'pour l'assemblage ou la réparation de petits circuits CMSne commencez pas avec un prototype, mais plutôt avec un « pretotype » !vérifiez qu'il existe un marché pour votre produit avant d'allumer votre fer à souder2023 : l'Odyssée de l'IAassistance à la conception d'un projet matérielBruxelles et l'innovationsoutien aux technologies avancées

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Le Siglent SDG1032X Plus est un générateur de fonctions/formes d'onde arbitraires double canal hautes performances avec une fréquence maximale de 30 MHz, une résolution de 16 bits et un taux d'échantillonnage de 1 GSa/s pour une excellente fidélité du signal. Il intègre TrueArb pour les formes d'onde à faible distorsion, EasyPulse pour des impulsions sans gigue et une lecture de séquence robuste. Avec une amplitude de ±10 V, un écran de 4,3 pouces et une modulation polyvalente, c'est un choix fiable pour les ingénieurs et les chercheurs. Caractéristiques Deux canaux : Sortie indépendante avec une fréquence maximale de 30 MHz Taux d'échantillonnage élevé : 1 GSa/s pour une génération précise de forme d'onde Haute résolution verticale : résolution 16 bits pour une reproduction précise du signal Technologie TrueArb : génère des formes d'onde arbitraires à faible distorsion avec une haute fidélité Technologie EasyPulse : produit des signaux carrés et pulsés sans instabilité avec un contrôle précis des temps de montée/descente Longueur de forme d'onde arbitraire : prend en charge jusqu'à 8 Mpts par canal pour la conception de formes d'onde complexes Large plage d'amplitude : ±10 V d'amplitude de sortie maximale Fonctions de modulation intégrées : AM, FM, PM, PWM, PSK, FSK, ASK et plus Sortie multi-impulsions : permet de mesurer les paramètres de commutation des équipements électriques Génération de modèles PRBS : prend en charge jusqu'à 40 Mbit/s pour les besoins de tests avancés Modes balayage et rafale : capacités de test flexibles avec paramètres réglables Fonction de lecture de séquence : stocke et lit efficacement des formes d'onde complexes Compteur de fréquence : mesure les fréquences jusqu'à 200 MHz avec une grande précision Écran convivial : Écran LCD couleur de 4,3 pouces avec une interface claire Prise en charge du contrôle à distance : Serveur Web intégré pour le contrôle via un navigateur Web Conception compacte : format portable et peu encombrant Spécifications Bande passante 30 MHz Canaux 2 Taux d'échantillonnage 1 Géch/s (interpolation 4x) Résolution verticale 16 bits (par canal) Longueur de la forme d'onde 8 Mpts Max. amplitude ±10 V Écran LCD TFT couleur 4,3 pouces (480 x 272) Interfaces Hôte USB, périphérique USB, réseau local Dimensions 260 x 107 x 296 mm Poids 4,35 kg Inclus 1x Siglent SDG1032X Plus Générateur de formes d'onde arbitraires 1x Cordon d'alimentation 1x Câble USB 1x Carte de garantie 1x Quick Start Guide Téléchargements Datasheet User Manual Programming Guide Software

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Elektor GREEN and GOLD members can download their digital edition here. Not a member yet? Click here. High-End from the Elektor Lab Fortissimo-100 High-End AmplifierFully symmetrical audio output stage and 100/190 W Checking the Frequency of Tuned Circuits and CrystalsTips & Tricks, Best Practices and Other Useful Information PCB Tips and Tricks Soldering – So What?A Closer Look at Current Soldering Technology Low-Latency Bluetooth Garage Door ControlTake Control with Short BLE Messages from a Smartphone Ideal Diode ControllerDiode Circuits with Low Power Dissipation LED Garlands with ESP32 and FreeRTOSFlashing and Variable Brightness Starting Out in Electronics……Cheerfully Continues Zenering FM/DAB+ ReceiverThe Best of Both Worlds From Life’s ExperienceElectronica Obscura Tracing the Cause of Software Bugs WirelesslyCircular Buffer and Webserver on the ESP32 Did Covid Cause a Boost in Engineering Innovation?Innovative Components and Solutions from 2022 Ersa i-CON TRACE – The IoT Soldering Station for Makers Infographics What Are We Going to Do with All This Compute? How to Drive Ynvisible’s E-Paper Display All-Time Innovation with InnoFaithQ&A with Walter Arkesteijn Industrial AutomationEasy and scalable IoT-Retrofitting Next Generation Oscilloscopes for Accelerated InsightRohde & Schwarz introduces the R&S MXO 4 series Low Profile Linear Connectors Solve Multi-Signal Data Management Smart – Innovative – Cost-EfficientGateMate FPGAs Developed and Manufactured in Germany Tools to Support Low-Cost Sensor Development PolyfusesPeculiar Parts, the Series Isolated Analog Output for Arduino Uno HomeLab Tours... Discovers the Theremin electronica fast forward 2022 - powered by ElektorLineup and Timetable Radio Direction FindingTracking Down Lost Wireless Weather Sensors Estimate an IC's Internal NoiseA Simple Method Ethics in ActionPowered by WEEF No Ethics, No Sustainable BusinessAn Interview with Professor Stefan Heinemann The 2023 WEEF Index Filter SoftwareDesign Tools for Analog Filters TV-B-Gone!... Or At Least B-OFF RP2040-Based Air Quality Measurement elekterminal Kickstart to Python 3Sample Chapter: Digital Image Processing and Wand Library SOLARPUNKA Brighter Future Ahead Hexadoku

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The tinySA Ultra+ ZS-407 is a compact, handheld spectrum analyzer and signal generator. Covering 100 kHz to 7.3 GHz in Ultra mode, it lets you visualize and analyze RF signals from HF right through many modern wireless bands – and can even spot signals up to ~12 GHz thanks to harmonic tracking. The intuitive 4-inch resistive touchscreen and rechargeable battery make it great for fieldwork, while features like a built-in signal generator, switchable bandpass filters, step attenuator, USB-PC control and auto-calibration add serious versatility. Caractéristiques Screen size: 4 inch (480 x 320) Spectrum Analyzer for 0.1-900 MHz or, with Ultra mode enabled up to 7.3 GHz, level calibrated up to 7.3 GHz. Can observe signals up to 12 GHz Signal Generator with sine wave output between 0.1-900 MHz or square wave up to 6.3 GHz or RF test signal output up to 7.3 GHz when not used as Spectrum Analyzer. Switchable resolution bandpass filters from 200 Hz to 850 kHz Built-in 20 dB optional LNA Color display showing max 450 points providing gapless covering up to the full frequency range. MicroSD card slot for storing measurements, settings and screen captures. Spécifications (Analyseur de spectre) Input frequency range from 100 kHz to 900 MHz in normal mode and up to 7.3 GHz with ULTRA mode enabled Input impedance 50 ohm when input attenuation set to 10 dB or more. Selectable manual and automatic input attenuation between 0 dB and 31 dB in 1 dB steps when LNA not active Maximum +/-5V DC input Absolute maximum input level of +6 dBm with 0 dB internal attenuation Absolute maximum short term peak input power of +20 dBm with 30 dB internal attenuation Suggested maximum input power of +0 dBm with internal attenuation in automatic mode For best measurements keep input power below -25 dBm Input Intercept Point of third order modulation products (IIP3) of +15 dBm with 0 dB internal attenuation 1 dB compression point at -1 dBm with 0 dB internal attenuation Power detector resolution of 0.5 dB and linearity versus frequency of ±2 dB below 5.3 GHz, ±5dB between 5.3 GHz and 6 GHz Minimum burst length for correct level measurement at 850 kHz RBW in zero span mode of 50 microseconds Absolute power level accuracy after power level calibration of ±2 dB Built-in optional 20 dB LNA with Noise Figure of 5 dB up to 6 GHz Lowest discernible signal without LNA at 30 MHz using a resolution bandwidth of 30 kHz of -102 dBm Lowest discernible signal with LNA at 30 MHz using a resolution bandwidth of 200 Hz of -145 dBm Frequency accuracy equal to the selected resolution bandwidth Phase noise at 30 MHz of -108 dB/Hz at 100 kHz offset and -115 dB/Hz at 1MHz offset Spur free dynamic range when using a 30 kHz resolution bandwidth of 70 dB Resolution filters with a width of 0.2, 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300, 600 and 850 kHz On screen resolution of 51, 101, 145, 290 or 450 measurement points. Scanning speed of over 1000 points/second using largest resolution filters. Automatic optimization of actual scanning points to ensure coverage of the whole scan range regardless of the chosen resolution bandwidth Spur suppression option for assessing if certain signals are internally generated or actually present in the input signal Headphone output for listening to the demodulated audio (AM only). Stereo connector with or without microphone, high impedance is louder, short protected Spécifications (Générateur de signaux) Sine wave output with harmonics below -40 dB of fundamental from 100 kHz to 900 MHz Output level selectable in 1 dB steps between -115 dBm and -19 dBm Above 800 MHz choice of two output modes: Cleanest signal mode: square wave, up to 6 GHz with coarse frequency steps and less accurate output level Highest accuracy mode: reduced harmonics with possibly strong spurs up to 7.3 GHz with frequency resolution equal to below 800 MHz and fine output level steps Level accuracy ±2 dB up to 800 MHz between -72 dBm and -19 dBm, less accuracy below -72 dBm, even less accuracy below -110 dBm Output frequency resolution 57.2 Hz Optional AM or FM modulation frequencies between 50 Hz and 5 kHz (AM) or 1 kHz (FM) or sweep over selectable frequency span AM modulation depth between 10% and 100% FM deviation between 1 kHz and 300 kHz Optional output level sweep over maximum the entire output level range Inclus 1x tinySA Ultra+ ZS407 Spectrum Analyzer 2x SMA connection cables 1x Barrel connector 1x Antenna with SMA connector 1x USB-C cable 1x microSD card (32 GB) Téléchargements Wiki

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Elektor GREEN and GOLD members can download their digital edition here. Not a member yet? Click here. Cloc 2.0The Alarm Clock You've Always Wanted RP2040 PIO in PracticeExperiments Using the RP2040’s Programmable I/O Poor Man's ChipTweakerWe Have (Low-Budget) Ways of Making You Talk USB True Random Number GeneratorTwo PICs for the Price of One AVR Pimp My MicSelf-Designed Level Booster FFT with a MaixduinoFrequency spectrum display From Life’s ExperienceDesign Logic (or Non-Logic) UCN5804 Stepper Motor DriverPeculiar Parts, the Series Circuit Simulation With Micro-CapFirst Steps in a Complicated World PAUL Award 2022Young Technical Talents and Their Creative Solutions My First Software-Defined RadioBuilt in Less Than 15 Minutes Microcontroller Documentation Explained (Part 1)Datasheet structure What’s Next for AI and Embedded Systems?Tools, Platforms, and Writer Replacements Digitizing Vertical Farming Infographics: Embedded and AI Today and Tomorrow An Introduction to TinyML JetCarrier96A Versatile NVIDIA Jetson Development System Case Study: Taking EV Charging Global with a Universal RFID Solution High-Performance in Every ClassComputer-on-Module Standards Starting Out in ElectronicsLet’s Get Active! I²C Communication Using Node.js and a Raspberry PiSee Your Sensor Data in a Browser Video Output with Microcontrollers (2)VGA and DVI Output The Metronom Real-Time Operating SystemAn RTOS for AVR Processors DVI on the RP2040An Interview with Luke Wren, Chip Developer at Raspberry Pi Display HAT MiniShow the Weather Forecast on Raspberry Pi! WEEF 2022 Awards: Celebrate the Good Hexadoku

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A Beginner's Guide to AI and Edge Computing Artificial Intelligence (AI) is now part of our daily lives. With companies developing low-cost AI-powered hardware into their products, it is now becoming a reality to purchase AI accelerator hardware at comparatively very low costs. One such hardware accelerator is the Hailo module which is fully compatible with the Raspberry Pi 5. The Raspberry Pi AI Kit is a cleverly designed hardware as it bundles an M.2-based Hailo-8L accelerator with the Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ to offer high speed inferencing on the Raspberry Pi 5. Using the Raspberry Pi AI Kit, you can build complex AI-based vision applications, running in real-time, such as object detection, pose estimation, instance segmentation, home automation, security, robotics, and many more neural network-based applications. This book is an introduction to the Raspberry Pi AI Kit, and it is aimed to provide some help to readers who are new to the kit and wanting to run some simple AI-based visual models on their Raspberry Pi 5 computers. The book is not meant to cover the detailed process of model creation and compilation, which is done on an Ubuntu computer with massive disk space and 32 GB memory. Examples of pre-trained and custom object detection are given in the book. Two fully tested and working projects are given in the book. The first project explains how a person can be detected and how an LED can be activated after the detection, and how the detection can be acknowledged by pressing an external button. The second project illustrates how a person can be detected, and how this information can be passed to a smart phone over a Wi-Fi link, as well as how the detection can be acknowledged by sending a message from the smartphone to your Raspberry Pi 5.

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Elektor GREEN and GOLD members can download their digital edition here. Not a member yet? Click here. Knowledge for All! Super Servo TesterTest Up to Four Servos Stand-Alone or In-System Analog Signals and MicrocontrollersADCs, DACs, Current Measurement, and More embedded world 2023 Sub-Nyquist Sampling in PracticeReliably Capturing Higher Frequencies Using Subsampling Android Smartphone Here, ESP32 There?Practical Pproject Using the Android Wi-Fi API Active 1-kHz Filter for Distortion MeasurementBetter Measurements Through Optimization of the Measurement Signal Starting Out in Electronics......Multivibrating Cheerfully Further! Err-lectronicsCorrections, Updates and Readers’ Letters The New I3C ProtocolA Worthy Successor to I²C, or Just More Hot Air? BlueRC: IR Remote Control with Smartphone and ESP32Adaptive and Universal Microcontroller Documentation Explained (Part 2)Registers and Block Diagrams Automating Test and MeasurementProgramming Test Equipment to Do What You Want Infographics: Test and Measurement Overvoltage Protection for Safe OperationTransient Protection for Non-Isolated DC/DC Power Modules Wiha Measuring EquipmentReliable Electrical Testers and Meters Automating Testing and Collaborating on Test Results From Life’s ExperienceHigh-Level Electronics Energy LoggerMeasuring and Recording Power Consumption Assembling the 4tronix M.A.R.S. Rover Kit Parking Disk with E-Paper DisplayAn Innovative Digital Replacement eCO₂ Telegram botAir-Quality Measurement with Telegram Notification Behind the Scenes of DIY High-End AudioElektor’s Ton Giesberts Interviewed on the Fine Art of Analog Design HomeLab ToursWork in Progress... RFID Tag Reading and RFID Door LockSample Projects from the Elektor Arduino Experimenting Bundle Oscilloscope Current Probe for RFRF Current Measurements Made Easy Not for the Faint-Hearted: Robot Arm KitWith Raspberry Pi Pico and MicroPython Generative AIWho Made This Anyway? Hexadoku

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Inhalt Röhrentechnik Entwicklung von DCMB-Verstärkern: Die Regeln der Kunst 50-W-Gegentaktverstärker mit EL34 und Autobias: Einmal und nie wieder – der Ruhestrom-Abgleich Kann ein Röhrenverstärker Mikrodetails wiedergeben: Bremst der Ausgangsübertrager die Auflösung Doppelter Röhrentester Comra BT0801: Testen und Selektieren in einem Rutsch 300B-Single-Ended Stereo-Verstärker: Kompromisslose Schaltungsauslegung mit der Triode schlechthin Lautsprecher Freedom von Monacor International: Gelungene Kombination aus Horn und Reflexsystem Symphonie von Visaton: Großer Auftritt der großen Kalotte Apollon von ASE: Das Flaggschiff mit Scan Speaks Illuminator-Bestückung TL-Sub von Quint-Audio: Der Subwoofer für reichlich Druck in der untersten Oktave Hans von Henkjan Olthuis: Zweiwege-Standbox mit Design-Qualität Avisio vom Lautsprechershop Strassacker: Der Einstand in die Home-Cinema-Riege XT612 von Ground Sound: Vollaktive Box, die selber messen kann Der Markt: Neues und Nützliches Halbleitertechnik DIY CD-Player von Tentlabs: Digitaltechnik und Röhrenschaltungen geschickt kombiniert SMPS 180 von Hypex: Das Schaltnetzteil zur Klasse-D-Technik UcD 2k von Hypex: Klasse-D-Technik für die PA im kW-Bereich

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Elektor GREEN and GOLD members can download their digital edition here. Not a member yet? Click here. Raspberry Pi Pico as Spectrum AnalyzerFFTs on a Low-Cost Hardware Basis ±40-V Linear Voltage RegulatorAn Alternative Power Supply for the Fortissimo-100 Power Amplifier… and Others! MCU Wireless Communication Made FlexibleEEPROM Opens Networking Prospects for Wireless MCUs €5,000 up for grabs!Join the STM32 Wireless Innovation Design Contest 2023: An AI OdysseyGetting Started with ChatGPT’s Code Interpreter LoRa, a Swiss Army Knife (1)The LoRa Protocol and Its Advantages Adjustable Current Sink with Integrated Clock GeneratorTest Power Supplies, Voltage Converters and Batteries Two New Arduino UNO R4 Boards: Minima and WiFi Logarithmic PotentiometersThey’re Exponential! Motor Driver Breakout BoardA BoB for a 5 A DC Motor Driver with a 3×3 mm Size From Life’s ExperienceHazardous Electronics Is Cellular the Lowest-Power Option for IoT?LTE-M and NB-IoT Energy Requirements in LPWAN Deployments Wireless Communication in IoT Systems – Using Arduino MKR ModulesThe Right Board for Wi-Fi, LoRa, and Many More Standards AC Losses in Magnetic ComponentsAvoid Hot Inductors! Measurement for Optimal Cloud Deployment Matter Adoption: What does it take to deploy Matter devices? YARD Stick OneA Sub-1 GHz Wireless Test Tool Latching RelaysPeculiar Parts, the Series PIC O’Clock – In Touch with TimeDesigning an SDR Time Signal Receiver Due Diligence DirectiveBusiness as Usual Will Not Do Starting Out in Electronics……Voltage Amplification Infrasound Recorder with the Arduino Pro MiniA Sample Project from Elektor’s “Arduino & Co.” Book Cloud-Based Energy MeterWith ESP32 Module and PZEM-004T Voltage/Current Sensor A Bare-Metal Programming Guide (Part 2)Accurate Timing, the UART, and Debugging Hexadoku

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Lorsque vous expérimentez régulièrement avec le Raspberry Pi et que vous connectez une variété de matériel externe au port GPIO via le connecteur, il se peut que vous ayez causé des dommages par le passé. La carte tampon Raspberry Pi d'Elektor est là pour éviter cela ! La carte est compatible avec les Raspberry Pi Zero, Zero 2 (W), 3, 4, 5, 400 et 500. Les 26 GPIO sont protégées par des convertisseurs de tension bidirectionnels afin de protéger le Raspberry Pi lors de l'expérimentation de nouveaux circuits. Le circuit imprimé est destiné à être inséré à l'arrière du Raspberry Pi 400/500. Le connecteur à connecter au Raspberry Pi est un réceptacle 40 voies à angle droit (2x20). La platine est seulement un peu plus large. Un câble plat à 40 voies avec des connecteurs 2x20 appropriés peut être connecté au connecteur de sortie du tampon pour expérimenter avec par exemple un circuit sur une plaque d’expérimentation ou sur une platine. Le circuit utilise 4x circuits intégrés TXS0108E de Texas Instruments. Le circuit imprimé peut également être monté sur un Raspberry Pi. Téléchargements Schematics Layout

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Elektor GREEN and GOLD members can download their digital edition here. Not a member yet? Click here. Low-Noise Lab Power Supply (1)A Quiet Source for Sensitive Circuits STM32 Edge AI Contest 2025: The Winners Batteries TodayTechnology and Differences in Lithium Batteries Adjustable Electronic LoadStatic + Dynamic DC Load Step-Down Converter from 48 V to 5 VThe Story of Circuit Development Autonomous Sensor Node v2.0Part 2: Hardware Validation and Power Optimizations VaristorsPeculiar Parts, the Series Graphical Grid Frequency MeterMonitor Grid Quality Starting Out in Electronics……Brings Its Own End Peak Current Load SMD FerritesMore Resilient Against Current Peaks Elektor Live! Expert Day 2025 Energy Harvesting Set to Accelerate IoT and IIoT Use CasesHow Energy Harvesting Frees IoT from the Grid Fnirsi DPS-150Compact and Portable Power Supply and Converter Adjustable USB-C Power SourceTurn Your USB-C Charger Into an Adjustable Power Supply Simple Charger and Capacity TesterWith Two Cheap “Off-the-Shelf” Modules Smart Color Detector with AI Voice and Playback PbMonitor v2.0Introduction to the Updated Battery Monitoring System A Fan for the Mini Reflow PlateSmart Modifications That Improve Results From Life’s ExperienceThe Tsunami of Indulgence Err-lectronicsCorrections, Updates, and Readers’ Letters 2026: An AI OdysseyWhen Models Start Dictating the Hardware Precision Picoammeter (2)Assembling, Calibration, and Test Wireless Device Poweringwith Inductive Technology AI-Based Autonomous DrivingThe RDW’s Self Driving Challenge 2024 Sound Card as Signal GeneratorPC as DCF77 Test Transmitter

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Projects with Thonny-IDE, uPyCraft-IDE, and ESP32 The 'Python' programming language has enjoyed an enormous upswing in recent years. Not least, various single-board systems such as the Raspberry Pi have contributed to its popularity. But Python has also found widespread use in other fields, such as artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML). It is obvious, therefore, to use Python or the 'MicroPython' variant for use in SoCs (Systems on Chip) as well. Powerful controllers such as the ESP32 from Espressif Systems offer excellent performance as well as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth functionality at an affordable price. With these features, the Maker scene has been taken by storm. Compared to other controllers, the ESP32 has a significantly larger flash and SRAM memory, as well as a much higher CPU speed. Due to these characteristics, the chip is not only suitable for classic C applications, but also for programming with MicroPython. This book introduces the application of modern one-chip systems. In addition to the technical background, the focus is on MicroPython itself. After the introduction to the language, the programming skills learned are immediately put into practice. The individual projects are suitable for use in the laboratory as well as for everyday applications. So, in addition to the actual learning effect, the focus is also on the joy of building complete and useful devices. By using laboratory breadboards, circuits of all kinds can be realized with little effort, turning the testing and debugging of the 100% homebrew projects into an instructive pleasure. The various applications, such as weather stations, digital voltmeters, ultrasound range finders, RFID card readers or function generators, make the projects presented ideally suited for practical courses or subject and study work in the natural sciences, or in science and technology classes.

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