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The Basics, New Ideas & Applications Build digital electronics from the ground up—and take it all the way to practical circuits you can use. This book guides you through the core principles of digital technology with a strongly hands-on approach. You’ll begin with the essentials: signals, devices for working with them, and what "logic 0" and "logic 1" mean in real hardware. Simple demonstration setups made from easy-to-find parts (LEDs, diodes, resistors, switches) help you see how logic behaves, making the theory click before you move on. From there, you’ll explore a wide range of logic elements and how they’re implemented, including classic logic families such as TTL and CMOS. The fundamentals section covers the building blocks of digital systems: flip-flops, Schmitt triggers, registers, counters and dividers, encoders/ decoders, multiplexers/demultiplexers, plus A/D and D/A conversion and timing circuits. Next, the book invites you into "new ideas" in digital electronics—universal logic elements, unconventional approaches (including thyristor-based and fractional logic), and creative logic functions that can inspire original designs. Finally, a large, well-organized collection of application circuits turns knowledge into projects: electronic switches and selectors, pulse generators, PWM regulators, frequency multipliers/dividers, phase shifters, and digital filters. Study it deeply, and you’ll gain not only understanding—but the ability to design and debug digital circuits independently.

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Nobody has any doubt that valve amplifiers produce a remarkably beautiful sound. They have a lively, deep, clear, and expressive sound, and dynamically they do not appear to have any limitations. The author investigates, in a systematic theoretical approach, the reasons for these beautiful properties. He develops new models for power valves and transformers, thus enabling the designer to determine the properties of the amplifier during the design process. Mathematical models for the coupling of power valve(s) and output transformer are provided. These will generate new insights in a special kind of distortion: the dynamic damping factor distortion (DDFD). With mathematical models in the complex domain, especially the properties at the limits of our hearing range (from 20 Hz to 20 kHz) are investigated and the minimal stability criteria for the amplifier are formulated. The often-applied negative feedback in amplifiers is extensively modelled and discussed in relation to our hearing appreciating. And after all this theory a fine selection of special amplifiers is presented and discussed. You will notice in this book that the author not only writes about amplifier technique, but tells about the way the development of valve amplifiers can have an influence on your daily life; even the usefulness of patents is discussed. Summarizing: new theories and solutions for perfect audio with valve amplifiers. Not only the professional and the DIY-er but everyone who wants to understand valve amplifiers will read this book with much pleasure.

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Elektor GREEN and GOLD members can download their digital edition here. Not a member yet? Click here. PbMonitor v2.0 UpdateBattery Monitoring with Improved Analog Design Audio Latency MeasurementA Standalone Tool for Evaluating Errors and Latency in Audio Transmission Square Wave vs. Bode PlotChecking the Performances of an Audio Device embedded world 2026 Clever Coding with AIAI in Software Development for Electronics Engineers QA403 Audio AnalyzerAffordable Precision for Audio Professionals and Hobbyists EasyGimbalAutonomous Camera Tracking with AI, Stepper and Servo Motors Sigfox Breakout Board (2)Sending Messages Circuit ProtectionControlling Overvoltages with TVS Diodes Emerging Battery Testing ApproachesA New Era of Diagnostics AudiotronicsA First Preamplifier CANopenTermAn Open-Source Tool That Brings CAN to Makers and Engineers Alike Stabilization of Operational AmplifiersAvoiding Feedback Instability Err-lectronicsCorrections, Updates, and Readers’ Letters Signal ConditioningTips and Tricks to Fit Voltage Ranges TDR Attachment for OscilloscopesLength, Short Circuit, Mismatch: Measure Cables Using Reflections! From Life's ExperienceLED It Be Speaker Oscillator and Resonance TesterA Fully Experimental Project for Your Speakers Elektor Community Perspectives on Test and Measurement ESP32 Audio Transceiver Board (Part 5)Audio Processing and Remote Control 2026: An AI OdysseyAI Has a Context Problem Battery Storage for Balcony Power PlantsSmall Batteries, Big Impact

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Diese Ausgabe steht allen GOLD- und GREEN-Mitgliedern auf der ElektorMagazine-Website zum Download bereit! Sie sind noch kein Mitglied? Hier klicken! Arduino Portenta Machine Control und Arduino Potenta H7Ein CAN-zu-MQTT Gateway Demo Projekt Ausgepackt: Der Elektor-LCR-Meter-Bausatz von Elektor MicroPython hält Einzug in die Arduino-Welt Vernetzte Projekte, einfach eingerichtetIhr Weg in die Arduino-Cloud Einführung in TinyMLGroß ist nicht immer besser Arduino K-Way Komfortableres Schreiben von Arduino-Sketches Lernen Sie Arduino kennen! Erste Schritte mit Portenta X8Sichere Softwareverwaltung mit Containern Skalierbare, sichere Anwendungen erstellen, in Betrieb nehmen und pflegenArduino Portenta X8 mit dem i.MX 8M Mini-Anwendungsprozessor von NXP und dem EdgeLock Secure Element SE050 Wie ich mein Haus automatisiert habeArduino-CEO Fabio Violante entwickelt und teilt Lösungen Altair-8800-EmulatorHardware-Simulation eines alten Computers MS-DOS auf dem Portenta-H7-BoardAlte Software auf moderner Hardware ausführen Grow It YourselfEine digital gesteuerte Anzuchtbox für Indoor-Farming Kann Hausautomatisierung den Planeten retten?MQTT auf dem Arduino Nano RP2040 Connect Professionelle Anwendungen mit Arduino Pro Intelligente Backöfen der nächsten Generation Tagvance sorgt mit Arduino für sicherere Baustellen Santagostino atmet auf!mit einer Fernüberwachung, die KI für vorausschauende Wartung nutzt Höchste Sicherheit mit der MKR-basierten Lösung von RIoT Secure Eine neue Generation des Wassermanagements mit Open-Source SensoAbholzung mit Schallanalyse aufspüren Die Arduino-Bibliothek Mozzi für KlangsyntheseEinblicke von Tim Barrass Das neue Portenta-X8-Board (mit Linux!) und Max Carrier machen es möglich! Wie Arduino Schülern hilft, zukünftige Fähigkeiten zu entwickeln Must-Haves für Ihren Elektronik-Arbeitsplatz Die Bedeutung der Robotik in der Ausbildung Ein zuverlässiges IoT auf Basis von LoRa Ausgepackt: die Portenta-Maschinensteuerung 8-Bit-Gaming mit Arduboy Reduzierung des Wasserverbrauchs auf der PferderennbahnEin IoT zur ständigen Überwachung von Bodenfeuchtigkeit und Temperaturen Das Panettone-ProjektEin Robotsystem zur Verwaltung von Sauerteigstartern Unterstützung durch Arduino-Reseller Space Invaders mit Arduino Kunst mit ArduinoInspirierende Einblicke von Künstlern und Designern Arduino-Produktkatalog Die Zukunft von ArduinoDavid und Fabio orakeln

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Les sondes mains libres de la série SQ de Sensepeek ont ​​un centre de gravité plus bas, ce qui les rend encore plus stables que les sondes mains libres originales de la série SP. Toutes les sondes de la série SQ sont également isolées et peuvent être utilisées à la main comme n'importe quelle sonde traditionnelle, mais leur plein potentiel est utilisé lors des mesures mains libres. Les sondes d'oscilloscope de la série SQ disposent également de davantage d'options de mise à la terre, d'une protection de la pointe de la sonde, d'un câble plus long et prennent en charge les oscilloscopes avec mise à l'échelle automatique (10:1). Toutes les caractéristiques populaires de mesure mains libres, de sonde de test à pointe fine à ressort interchangeable, de supports de câble à code couleur et d'un design minimaliste ont été conservées pour éliminer le besoin de sondes de taille traditionnelle et portables. La longueur et le poids des sondes SQ sont parfaitement équilibrés pour une utilisation avec les supports de PCB et la plaque de base PCBite, indispensables pour une fonction mains libres. Caractéristiques Sonde passive 10:1 avec prise en charge des oscilloscopes à mise à l'échelle automatique Sonde de test à ressort pour les mesures de pas fin Plusieurs options de mise à la terre Supports de câbles à code couleur Protection de la pointe de la sonde Isolé, peut être utilisé à la main Support de sonde amélioré pour des mesures mains libres lorsqu'il est utilisé avec des supports de circuits imprimés PCBite Inclus 1x sonde SQ350 350 MHz avec sonde de test à ressort 1x porte-sonde SQ pour mesures mains libres 1x crochet de test avec câbles détachables (5 cm et 10 cm) pour une connexion facile à la terre 1x câble crocodile pour une connexion facile à la terre 1x ressort de terre standard, pour mesures portables à bande passante nominale 1x Ressort de terre unique, pour des mesures entièrement mains libres à bande passante nominale 1x jeu de supports de câbles à code couleur (4 couleurs) 1x protection de pointe de sonde 1x broche de test supplémentaire Téléchargements Mode d'emploi SQXX0 Rev1.1

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Le OWON XDM1141 est un multimètre de table numérique True RMS rapide et de haute précision, doté d'un écran LCD haute résolution de 3,5 pouces et de 50000 points. Sa précision en tension continue est de 0,05% et il peut mesurer jusqu'à 65 valeurs par seconde. Caractéristiques Ecran LCD haute résolution de 3,5 pouces (480x320 pixels) 55000 points, précision de la tension continue jusqu'à 0,05%. Jusqu'à 65 lectures par seconde Affichage double ligne pris en charge Analyse des tendances accessible en mode graphique Mesures AC True RMS (bande passante : 20 Hz – 1 kHz) Support SCPI : Commande à distance du multimètre à l'aide d'un logiciel PC via le port USB Spécifications   Plage de mesure Résolution Précision Tension continue 50,000 mV 0,001 mV 0,1% +10 500,00 mV 0,01 mV 0,05% +5 5,0000 V 0,0001 V 0,05% +5 50,000 V 0,001 V 0,05% +5 500,00 V 0,01 V 0,1% +5 1000,0 V 0,1 V 0,1% +10 Tension alternative 500 mV～750 V 20 Hz～45 Hz 1% +30 45 Hz～65 Hz 0,5% +30 65 Hz～1 KHz 0,7% +30 Courant continu 500 uA 0,01 uA 0,15% +20 5000 uA 0,1 uA 0,15% +10 50 mA 0,001 mA 0,15% +20 500 mA 0,01 mA 0,15% +10 5 A 0,0001 A 0,5% +10 10 A 0,001 A 0,5% +10 Courant alternatif 500 uA～500 mA 20 Hz～1 KHz 0,5% +20 5 A-10 A 1,5% +20 Résistance 500 Ω 0,01 Ω 0,15% +10 5 KΩ 0,0001 KΩ 0,15% +5 50 KΩ 0,001 KΩ 0,15% +5 500 KΩ 0,01 KΩ 0,15% +5 5 MΩ 0,0001 MΩ 0,3% +5 50 MΩ 0.001 MΩ 1% +10 Fréquence 10,000 Hz～60 MHz / ±(0,2% +10) Capacité 50 nF～500 uF / 2,5% +10 5 mF～50 mF 5% +10 Diode 3,0000 V 0,0001 V / Continuité 1000 Ω 0,1 Ω Seuil réglable Température Type K, PT100 Affichage maximum 55 000 comptes Fonction d'enregistrement des données Durée d'enregistrement 15ms～9999,999s Longueur d'enregistrement 1,000 points Affichage Ecran LCD TFT 3,5" (480x320 pixels) Alimentation 230 V AC Dimensions 200 x 88 x 150 mm Poids environ 0,5 kg Inclus 1x OWON XDM1141 Multimètre 1x Cordon d'alimentation 2x Cordons de mesure 1x Fusible 1x Câble USB 1x Manuel Téléchargements Manuel de programmation Logiciel PC

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An Introduction to RISC-V RISC-V is an Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) that is both free and open. This means that the RISC-V ISA itself does not require a licensing fee, although individual implementations may do so. The RISC-V ISA is curated by a non-profit foundation with no commercial interest in products or services that use it, and it is possible for anyone to submit contributions to the RISC-V specifications. The RISC-V ISA is suitable for applications ranging from embedded microcontrollers to supercomputers. This book will first describe the 32-bit RISC-V ISA, including both the base instruction set as well as the majority of the currently-defined extensions. The book will then describe, in detail, an open-source implementation of the ISA that is intended for embedded control applications. This implementation includes the base instruction set as well as a number of standard extensions. After the description of the CPU design is complete the design is expanded to include memory and some simple I/O. The resulting microcontroller will then be implemented in an affordable FPGA development board (available from Elektor) along with a simple software application so that the reader can investigate the finished design.

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50+ Android Apps with Raspberry Pi, ESP32 and Arduino This book is about developing apps for Android compatible mobile devices using the MIT App Inventor online development environment. MIT App Inventor projects can be in either standalone mode or use an external processor. In standalone mode, the developed application runs only on the mobile device (e.g. Android). In external processor-based applications, the mobile device communicates with an external microcontroller-based processor, such as Raspberry Pi, Arduino, ESP8266, ESP32, etc. In this book, many tested and fully working projects are given both in standalone mode and using an external processor. Full design steps, block programs, circuit diagrams, QR codes and full program listings are given for all projects. The projects developed in this book include: Using the text-to-speech component Intonating a received SMS message Sending SMS messages Making telephone calls using a contacts list Using the GPS and Pin-pointing our location on a map Speech recognition and speech translation to another language Controlling multiple relays by speech commands Projects for the Raspberry Pi, ESP32 and Arduino using Bluetooth and Wi-Fi MIT APP Inventor and Node-RED projects for the Raspberry Pi The book is unique in that it is currently the only book that teaches how to develop projects using Wi-Fi and Node-RED with MIT App Inventor. The book is aimed at students, hobbyists, and anyone interested in developing apps for mobile devices. All projects presented in this book have been developed using the MIT App Inventor visual programming language. There is no need to write any text-based programs. All projects are compatible with Android-based mobile devices. Full program listings for all projects as well as detailed program descriptions are given in the book. Users should be able to use the projects as they are presented, modifying them to suit their own needs.

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La série SQ de sondes PCBite mains libres de Sensepeek est isolée, est livrée avec des supports de câble à code couleur inclus et a un point de gravité plus bas, ce qui les rend encore plus stables par rapport à la série de sondes SP d'origine. Toutes les caractéristiques appréciées de la mesure mains libres, de l'aiguille de test échangeable à pointe à ressort à pas fin et du design minimaliste sont conservées pour rendre obsolètes les sondes de taille traditionnelle et portables. Caractéristiques Toutes les sondes mains libres de Sensepeek facilitent les mesures instantanées ou les longues sessions de déclenchement. Fini les fils à souder pour connecter votre sonde ou les outils compliqués à configurer, il suffit de positionner l'aiguille de la sonde sur n'importe quel point de test ou composant dans le chemin du signal et de la relâcher. Gain de temps et de frustration lors du développement, de la vérification et des réparations. La conception minimaliste et l'aiguille de test à ressort permettent de mesurer simultanément des composants à pas fin et des signaux à proximité. La longueur et le poids des sondes SQ sont parfaitement équilibrés pour être utilisés avec les supports de PCB PCBite et la plaque de base, indispensable pour une fonction mains libres. Le porte-sonde est livré avec un aimant puissant dans la base, comme pour toutes les sondes et supports PCBite, ce qui rend la sonde facile à placer et à repositionner. La série de sondes SQ peut être utilisée à la main sans le porte-sonde car elles sont dotées d'une poignée isolée, mais tout leur potentiel est utilisé lors des mesures mains libres. Inclus 2x sondes SQ10 et aiguilles de test à pointe pointue (rouge/noir) 2x fils de test banane vers Dupont (rouge/noir) 1x jeu de supports de câbles (rouge/noir) 2x aiguilles de test supplémentaires Téléchargements Mode d'emploi

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Elektor GREEN and GOLD members can download their digital edition here. Not a member yet? Click here. The AlertAlfred AI Security SystemPowered by a Raspberry Pi 5 and the Hailo 8L Module AI in Electronics DevelopmentAn Update After Only One Year Intro to AI AlgorithmsPrompt: Which Algorithms Implement Each AI Tool? Single-Board Computers for Artificial Intelligence ProjectsBackground and Overview From Sensor Data to Machine Learning ModelsGesture Detection with an Accelerometer and Edge Impulse Build a Leaky Integrate-and-Fire Spiking NeuronArtificial Intelligence Without Software ChatGPT for Electronic DesignDoes GPT-4o Do It Any Better? Bringing AI to the Edge with ESP32-P4 Exploring Speech Functions on Raspberry Pi ZeroWhen Overclocking Gives Freedom of Speech The Growing Role of Edge AIA Trend Shaping the Future Unlocking the Power of Edge AIA Conversation with François de Rochebouët of STMicroelectronics A VHDL Clock Made with ChatGPT AI’s Real ImpactSayash Kapoor on “AI Snake Oil” and More The Latest Stuff From BeagleBoardBeagleY-AI, BeagleV-Fire, BeagleMod, BeaglePlay and BeagleConnect Freedom Mosquito Detection Using Open Datasets and Arduino Nicla Vision AI Today and Tomorrow: Insights from Espressif, Arduino, and SparkFun Artificial Intelligence Timeline BeagleY-AIThe Latest SBC for AI Applications AI in FocusPerspectives from the Elektor Community Machine Vision with OpenMVCreate a Soda Can Detector A Conversation with the Digital MindChatGPT vs Gemini Skilling Me Softly with This Bot?Is the AI Revolution in the Electronic Field Failing Due to a Lack of Social Precision?

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Elektor GREEN and GOLD members can download their digital edition here. Not a member yet? Click here. ESP32 Audio Transceiver Board (Part 2)Wireless Audio Transmission Inductive AM TransmitterUses Pico’s PIO in an Arduino Sketch Navigating Wireless ProtocolsA Technical Guide Satellite Tracking Using LoRaThe TinyGS Network Bringing Space Data to Earth 4G-Compatible SMS Remote ControlRemotely Control Your Equipment High-Speed ProbeHigh-Impedance Inputs for Signals up to 200 MHz From Life’s ExperienceKafka KrakenSDR Performance Tests with the RP2350Is an Upgrade from Raspberry Pi Pico 1 to Pico 2 Worthwhile? Contact-Free E-Field Measurements (2)A Laser Vibrometer for Assessing the Membrane's Vibrations Crystals and OscillatorsImproving Crystal Accuracy Through Capacitor Selection Starting Out in ElectronicsSpecial Audio ICs Getting Started with Coding a DIY Project SPECTRAN® V6 MobileModular, Configurable Real-Time Spectrum Analyzer for Reliable Measurements Across All Frequency Ranges The Future of AI Is Forged in SiliconAn Interview with Anastasiia Nosova Autonomous Sensor Node v2.0 (System Architecture)Solar-Powered Sensing Platform with Integrated GPS, LoRaWAN, and More Precise PositioningBluetooth Channel Sounding Tested Powering the Future of Wireless CommunicationBTRY’s Ultra-Thin Solid-State Batteries Test-Driven Development in Firmware Writing Phone-Controlled Model CarWi-Fi + ESP32 + Smartphone = Remote Control 2025: An AI OdysseyAI Reasoning Models: The Chain-of-Thought Revolution Solar Charge Controller with MPP Tracking (3)Software and Commissioning Raspberry Pi Zero Web Streaming CameraUsing the ZeroTier VPN

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Two reasons can be identified for the immense success of the Arduino platform. First, the cheap, ready to go processor board greatly simplifies the introduction to hardware. The second success factor is the free and open-source programming suite that does not require an installation procedure. Simple entry-level examples ensure rapid successes. Complex selection procedures for parameters like the microprocessor version or interface settings are not required. The first sample programs can be uploaded to the Arduino board, and tested, in a matter of minutes. The Arduino user is supported by an array of software libraries. However, the daily increasing volume of libraries poses initial problems to the newcomer, and the way ahead may be uncertain after a few entry-level examples. In many cases, detailed descriptions are missing, and poorly described projects tend to confuse rather than elucidate. Clear guidance and a single motto are missing, usually owing to the projects having been created by several different persons—all with different aims in mind. This book represents a different approach. All projects are presented in a systematical manner, guiding into various theme areas. In the coverage of must-know theory great attention is given to practical directions users can absorb, including essential programming techniques like A/D conversion, timers and interrupts—all contained in the hands-on projects. In this way readers of the book create running lights, a wakeup light, fully functional voltmeters, precision digital thermometers, clocks of many varieties, reaction speed meters, or mouse controlled robotic arms. While actively working on these projects the reader gets to truly comprehend and master the basics of the underlying controller technology.

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